The metallurgy of the duplex stainless steel family is complex and requires very close control of weld metal composition and heat. Note that these stainless steels are not the stainless steels that generally first spring to mind. Weld metal austenitic stainless steel filler metal post weld. If less nickel is added to a chromium steel, about four or five percent, a duplex structure, a mixture of austenite. Semiaustenitic ph stainless steels in condition c and the martensitic ph stainless steels are extremely hard and strong and as such are limited. Fecrni mon the microstructure of duplex stainless steels consists of a mixture of austenite and ferrite. Ferritic stainless steel contains higher chromium content than the martensitic stainless steel. Welding variables and microfissuring in austenitic. Ferritic stainless steel an overview sciencedirect topics.
Austenitic 300 series stainless steel filler metals. Welding current requirements therefore, are lower than for carbon steel and attention should be given to the amperage and voltage recommendations of the filler metal manufacturer. N for a nitrogen bearing steel where a higher tensile strength than a conventional. The metallurgical processes that occur during the welding of stainless steel are of a highly intricate nature. During welding, control of heat input is essential and, in some cases, also a postweld heat treatment. Austenitic stainless steels constitute the largest stainless steel family in terms of alloys and usage. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels springerlink. Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickelbase alloys.
Pdf welding metallurgy of ferritic stainless chromium steels with carbon. The latter also determines their chemical composition. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels erich folkhard. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers the most uptodate and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available.
The semiaustenitic precipitation hardening stainless steels in condition a can be readily formed prior to heat treatment. Pdf hot cracking resistance during the welding of austenitic stainless steels. Additions of molybdenum mainly improve the resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Lean alloys lean austenitic alloys constitute the largest portion of all stainless steel produced.
Fabcor er308lsi austenitic wire used to join 301, 302, 304, 304l and 308 stainless steels. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steel. Those containing chromium, nickel, and manganese in addition to iron are. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels 1st. In stainless steels, the austenitic structure is generally produced by alloying with nickel. There are three primary classifications within the highperformance stainless steels. Weld defects in austenitic stainless steel sheetseffect. It was developed primarily for smaw, or manual metal arc weld. Their properties and their suitability for welding.
Welding of ferritic martensitic stainless steels twi. As the dissimilar joint design is necessary for such applications, an attempt is made to fabricate the dissimilar transition joint between al 0. The authors emphasize fundamental metallurgical principles governing microstructure evolution and property development of. L is for a low carbon austenitic stainless steel for use in an aggressive corrosive environment. Common stainless steel alloy systems austenitic alloys ironchromiumnickel and ironchromiummanganesenickel alloys some of these alloys also contain nitrogen, copper, silicon, and other elements for special purposes.
In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welding of aisi 304l austenitic stainless steel and uns c70600 coppernickel alloy have been investigated. Precipitation hardening stainless steels stainless steel. The definitive resource for understanding the welding metallurgy of stainless steels. Welding metallurgy of austeniticferritic dissimilar joints. Stainless steel metalcored wires are an excellent choice for flat and horizontal welding of long continuous seams where productivity can be maximized. Austenitic stainless steel is probably the most widely used, especially in typical machining and fabrication applications. This requires exposure of a sample to a boiling acidified copper sulphate solution for 24 hours, followed by bending. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels wiley. This chapter, in brief, deals with the physical metallurgy, welding metallurgy, and physical and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels.
It is a high manganese, high nitrogen stainless steel with a chemical composition as shown in table i. Introduction to stainless steels asm international. Three types of stainless are most commonly found in standard fabrication shops. H for a high carbon steel with improved high temperature strength for use in creep applications. Known for their formability and resistance to corrosion, austenitic steels are the most widely used grade of stainless steel. Ironchromiumnickel grades corresponding to both standard aisi 300series alloys and modified versions of these alloys. The microstructure and mechanical properties of cromanite.
Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers engineers, scientists, and students the most uptodate and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available. The stainless steels in each family have general similarities, but there is also a wide range of corrosion resistance and other characteristics. Thermal affected area of metal due to welding austenitic stainless steels austenitic stainless steels table 1 containing chromium and nickel as the principal alloying elements in addition to iron are identified as aisi 300 series types. Normally the chromium content of the ferritic stainless steel ranges from 14 to 27 wt%. The modified strauss test is most common, and simulates the more severe corrosive environments in which the common grades of austenitic stainless steel are used. The major problem in ferritic stainless steels is the tendency to embrittlement, aggravated by various causes. This austenite crystalline structure is achieved by sufficient additions of the. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels 9788126529476.
The journal of the south african institute of mining and metallurgy octoberdecember 1999 333 introduction cromanite is a new austenitic stainless steel recently introduced into the south african market by columbus stainless. Such alloys, which are based on type 304 188 stainless steel, as shown in fig. Highnitrogen stainless steel weld metal american welding society. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels 2nd. The metallurgical processes that occur during the welding of stainless steel are of a. Does it make any difference that this is austenitic stainless steel and not just plain carbon steel. Notice the difference in dilution percentages due to the size of weld metal area or. This book focuses on the metallurgical behavior of ni base alloys with particular emphasis on weldability. They are the austenitic, ferritic, and duplex austeniticferritic families. Austenitic steels are nonmagnetic stainless steels that contain high levels of chromium and nickel and low levels of carbon. Hot cracking resistance during the welding of austenitic stainless steels.
When welding stainless steel components, particularly in plant engineering applications, it may be necessary to join unalloyed or low alloyed ferritic steels. Stainless steels may be classified by their crystalline structure into four main types. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels welding engineering. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers the most up. Austenitic steel s, which contain 16 to 26 percent chromium and up to 35 percent nickel, usually have the highest corrosion resistance. They are not hardenable by heat treatment and are nonmagnetic. Most stainless steels are weldable, but many require special procedures. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels john c. Introductory welding metallurgy, aws, 1979 introductory welding metallurgy, aws, 1979 turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss 1 min. Work hardening and springback in these steels is similar to that of type 301.
Welding variables and microfissuring in austenitic stainless steel weld metal microfissuring is best overcome by optimization of consumable composition since control of welding variables alone will not guarantee its avoidance and since cta remelting and pulsed smaw are of limited practical application by t. These characteristics can find applications in nuclear and aerospace sectors as structural materials. Based primarily on microstructure, five stainless steel types are recognized. In almost all cases, welding results in significant alteration of weld metal and haz. The welding of stainless steels 2 1 general information on stainless steels 1. In the physical metallurgy of stainless steels the tendency of alloying elements to form different phases, the transformation of austenite to martensite during cooling or straining, hardening. The five families of stainless steels are martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardened. Pdf welding metallurgy of ferritic stainless steel dr.
Austenitic stainless steel is a specific type of stainless steel alloy. This document presents a detailed discussion of the metallurgical characteristics and weldability of many grades of austenitic stainless steel used in piping and tubing. Steel castings handbook supplement 7 welding of high. Ferritic stainless steel is less expensive than other forms of stainless, making it a favorite. One of the most important properties of austenitic stainless steels is their corrosion behaviour.
Corrosion of austenitic stainless steels sciencedirect. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels stainless steel steel scribd. Austenitic stainless steels possess austenite as their primary crystalline structure facecentered cubic. Nitrogen, a strong austenitizing element, has also gained increasing importance in recent years. Welding metallurgy of austenitic stainless steels springerlink.
Excessive heat input should be avoided because the low thermal conductivities of the high alloys about 50 percent less than steel combined. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels free ebook download as pdf file. They exhibit characteristics of both phases with higher strength and ductility. Adding 8% nickel to a ferritic chromium stainless steel makes an austenitic chromiumnickel stainless steel, for example type 304 stainless steel. The definitive resource for understanding the welding metallurgy of stainless steelswelding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels, the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel, offers engineers, scientists, and students the most uptodate and comprehensive treatment of these topics currently available. Alloys with less than 20% chromium and 14% nickel fall into this unofficial category. Aisi 304l is an austenitic chromiumnickel stainless steel offering the optimum combination of corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. Welding metallurgy of stainless steels erich folkhard springer. The 3xx may followed by a letter that gives more information about the specific alloy as shown in the table. Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steel request pdf. The most common type is the 188, or 304, grade, which contains 18 percent in steel.